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ADDRESS 



JOHN G. WATMOUGH, 

HIGH SHERIFF, 

TO HIS CONSTITUENTS, 

IK 

REFERENCE TO THE DISTURBANCES 

Whiek i«ok place in the City and Ctmnty of Philadelphia, 
DURING THE SUMMER OF 183i. 



C. ALXXANDKR, nUNTXft. 

1838. 



• ? 



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ADDRESS, &C. 



The public accounts of the current year contain an 
kern of expenditure which the sense the High 
Sheriff entertains of his duty towards his fellow citizens, 
prompts him to explain. 

It is connected with the disturbances of the past 
summer, and originated from an anxious zeal to pre- 
serve the peace of the community, the dignity of the 
law, and the honor of the country. 

The amount charged was paid at the time out of the 
Sheriff's pocket to respectable citizens, who placed 
themselves under his command during the continu- 
ance of the riots, and encountered serious risk, and 
much fatigue. 

The Sheriff knows not how he can make i^e neces 
sity under which he acted more plain, than by a simple 
narrative of all that occurred, and a faithful record of 
the measures adopted to prevent a recurrence of out- 
rages which strike equally at the root of sound morals 
and good government. 

He humbly trusts therefore that the motive that in- 
duces the explanation will constitute a sufficient'apolo- 
gy for its length. 

Shortly after that awful violation of the law, which 
occurred on the 17th of May last, an official communi- 
cation was received from the Governor of the State, 
asking a statement of the facts of tliat affair as they 



came under the personal knowledge of the Sheriff of 
the county. That officer immediately complied, and 
sent His Excellency a communication, of which the 
following is a copy. It is but justice to himself to 
premise that the communication to the Governor was 
written in haste, and under a deep sense of mortifica- 
tion at the failure of his efforts to resist the aggressions 
of the mob. 

Philadelphia, May 22, 1838. 
To His Excellency, Joseph Ritner, Governor of Penn- 
sylvania. 

Sir — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt 
of an extract from a letter addressed to the Attorney 
General by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and 
I take the earliest moment I have been able to spare 
from the execution of the duties imposed upon me, by 
the unusual excitement into which our city has been 
thrown, to furnish so far as in my power the informa- 
tion which your Excellency has called for. 

It ought to be generally known, that, except his four 
deputies, the High Sheriff of the County of Philadel- 
phia has not a man upon whom he is specially author- 
ized to call for aid in the discharge of his duties, nor 
has he a single dollar, except ivhat he pays from his 
own purse, which he has a right to expend for the pre- 
servation of the public peace. His power eonsists and 
consists only, in the disposition, which, in almost all 
cases, exists among the people themselves, to support 
the officers of the law, and when that disposition un- 
fortunately fails, the Sheriff will find himself without 



the means to suppress any considerable assemblage of 
violent or turbulent persons. 

His power is therefore purely a moral one, and re- 
sults from the most beautiful principle in the theory of 
the laws. 

It is not, however, a question whether the Sheriff 
should be left in this situation, nor wiiether adequate 
means should not be placed at his disposal to accom- 
plish this all important object, independent of the pre- 
judices or the passions of the surrounding crowd. If 
it were, it is presumed but one opinion would be found 
to exist. 

The scenes of last Thursday night left a deep and 
withering impression upon my feelings. I was shock- 
ed and grieved, as much at the apathy manifested by 
the large mass of citizens who calmly witnessed those 
scenes, as at the conduct of the lawless mob who put all 
restraint, huirmn and divine,at defiance. 

Of the disturbances of the previous night, I had not 
received the slightest intimation, nor was I informed 
that any thing serious was looked for, until noon of the 
Thursday upon which the burning- took place. 

I proceeded to the ground forthwith— I found the 
Hall occupied — many respectable citizens standing 
about the door in front, and passing in and out — a few 
noisy boys in the street, and a large number of highly 
respectable citizens occupying the opposite pavement. 

I saw nothing that the city authorities were not fully 
competent to regulate and control. 

While there, I was informed that the Board of Mana- 



gers of the Hall had gone to my office to confer with 
me. 

I met them accordingly at half-past one o'clock, 
with my friend and legal adviser, Henry J. Williams, 
Esq., and heard for the first time a full detail of all that 
had occurred, and of all that was anticipated. I re- 
gretted that a longer period had not been allowed me 
to collect an able and efficient body of men to stand by 
me at all hazards, and promised to do all in my power 
to remedy the loss of so much precious time. 

These truly respectable men then said that I need 
not make myself uneasy upon that point, as they would 
pledge themselves that there should be five hundred 
ardent young men on the spot before seven o'clock, 
upon whom I might place full reliance. 

With this assurance we parted — my own mind entire- 

at ease. Between four and five o'clock, I took my 
stand upon the ground. The crowd had increased but 
the mass of respectable citizens, with very many of 
whom I was personally acquainted, had not diminished. 
There was much talk, and some excitement. As night 
approached the crowd continued to increase. I saw 
standing near me one of the High Constables, and took 
it for granted that the ground was fully occupied by 
his men. Between seven and eight o'clock I observed 
the Mayor of tlie City coming out of one of the doors 
of the Hall, fronting on Sixth street. He advanced 
near or into the street, and made some remarks to an 
unruly crowd that gathered about him, to which they 
replied by a few cheers and much noise. 

Almost immediately afterwards, this very mass 



which had cheered him, moved in a body to the Alley 
on the north side of the Hall — about this time a letter 
was handed to me by a young gentleman named Wise, 
in the name of the committee which had met me at 
noon at my office, the purport of which was to inform 
me that they declined doing any thing farther in de- 
fence of their property. 

He at the same time stated, they had surrendered 
the keys of the Hall to the City Authorities, in whose 
possession they then were. 

It was now eight o'clock, and night had closed 
around. 

In a few moments I heard a general shout, followed 
by a general crash of the windows in the Alley. I re- 
paired to the spot, and found the work of destruction 
had commenced. I called upon the bystanders to fol- 
low me, and rushed into the midst of the rioters. 

I endeavored honestly to redeem the pledge I gave 
when I entered upon the duties of my office. I failed 
in my efforts. I found myself, with the exception of 
one brave man whom it delights me to name ! Mr. 
Thomas Connell, alone amid hundreds. 

I arrested with my own hands some ten or a dozen 
rioters; among them a sturdy blackguard engaged in 
forcing the doors with a log of wood, and a youth with 
a brand of fire in his hands. They were either forcibly 
rescued from me or were let loose again by those into 
whose hands I gave them. 

I appealed in vain for assistance — no one responded 
to me. Mr. Connel proclaimed my presence in a loud 



voice — he alone appeared to feel that the sacred duty 
of the free citizen was and ought to be deemed para- 
mount to all other considerations. 

Prejudice and madness held sovereign sway ; the 
laws were trampled in the dust, and I was made the 
sport of an atrocious mob. 

I continued upon the ground until the Pennsylvania 
Hall was a smouldering ruin, and then only withdrew 
when the possibility of no farther damage to the 
neighboring buildings was likely to ensue. 

I will not pretend that I encountered the risks that 
threatened me from sympathy for those who had per- 
haps too rashly braved the public feeling in reference 
to their course. 

I am slow to appreciate that course of conduct, that 
merges the public good, in the maintenance of princi- 
ciples, that deeply affect private rights and constitu- 
tional compact. 

Pride of opinion forms no part of my christian creed. 
The lowly patience and unaffected humility of the Sa- 
viour ought to teach a different lesson. 

If time and truth, with the practice of the humbler 
"-virtues, will not effect the results aimed at, obstinacy, 
pride, and agitation will surely never attain them. Yet 
I must be allowed to express my admiration at the 
fortitude which reposes upon the sanctity of law 
and the conviction of honest purposes. 

With me, however, these matters were not in ques- 
tion ; to protect the rights and property of the citizen 
was my official duty. 



It is much more, it is a sacred point of honor. The 
means which the law placed at my disposal proved vain 
and futile. 

Passion and prejudice destroyed them at a breath. 

If the freeman resist the appeal of his own consti- 
tuted authorities to preserve the peace and order of 
society, no matter under what impulse, the great ex- 
periment in favor of civil liberty and human rights 
made in the formation of our government, falls to the 
ground, and the mournful cry of " Woe to Jerusalem" 
will soon be heard within our walls. 

I failed in my endeavors last night, because I placed 
more reliance upon the principle of appeal to the free 
citizen than upon the clubs and badges of an organized 
police. 

I was taught a melancholy lesson at the expense of 
the purest principle in the theory of our institutions. 

I de,termined to profit by it. It was found on the 
following day that the perpetrators of the outrage 
upon the laws of the preceding night, were not to be 
satisfied by one attempt. Other portions of the city 
and county of Philadelphia were threatened, and I 
determined to provide at my own costs other means 
than those which had been trusted to and found insuf- 
ficient. I mounted my horse, and employed videttes 
to keep me informed of every movement. 

At the head of a body of brave men, the city was 
traversed from the liberties on the north to Southwark. 
In the neighborhood of the Exchange, a fine body of 
citizen volunteers stood prepared for every emergency 



10 

— norwere they finally dismissed until late on Sunday 
night. Four strong detachments occupied as many 
different posts on the northern borders of the city and 
in the neighborhood of threatened points. 

The order, promptitude and obedience of all these 
brave men who felt that too deep a sacrifice to unruly 
passions had been already made, entitle them to the 
thanks of their fellow citizens, and to my deep and 
lasting gratitude. 

The former I am sure they will receive, the latter I 
beg them to accept. 

The injury done to the Asylum in Thirteenth street 
I deeply deplore. I should have made any personal 
sacrifice to prevent it, if I had been informed that such 
a place existed within the limits of the county. I had 
never even heard of its location, and was engaged in 
providing for the defence of the Temperance Hall, in 
the Northern Liberties, when the cry of fire reached 
my ear. I ran with the utmost speed to the point, 
and reached it in time to witness the success of the 
brave determination of Philadelphia firemen. Early 
on the following morning, I took possession, with an 
efficient force, of the avenues leading, and the grounds 
adjacent to the Asylum — from that moment it was 
placed beyond all manner of danger. 

The means I have employed for the last five days, 
1 shall hereafter continue to retain within my reach, 
and am confident of being able to rally within an hour's 
notice. I must be allowed to add that the public at 
leugth appeared to take a just view of the dangers 



11 

that had threatened them. With the exception of 
Thursday night, I have found them on all occasions 
able and willing to join in every effort to sustain the 
laws. I feel confident that any attempt hereafter to 
commit farther violence will be easily and speedily 
suppressed. 

With regard to the apprehension of the authors of 
this late outrage, every effort within my power shalJ 
be made to discover and punish them — many indivi- 
duals are already in custody. So deep and abiding 
has been my desire to remedy the first evils, arjd antici- 
pate future ones, that for the last five nights I have 
remained in my saddle until broad daylight of the 
following morning. 

I have conceived it proper to make this full state- 
ment to your Excellency, that I may not be deemed 
derelict in duty, or unmindful of the safety, honor, and 
welfare of our country. 

I trust I shall ever be keenly sensitive upon the first 
point ; and I am perfectly sure I shall always be willing 
to lay down my life for the maintenance of the second. 
I have the honor to be, sir. 
With great respect, your ob't servant, 
JOHN G. WATMOUGH. 
High Sheriff City and County of Philadelphia. 

On the 22d day of May, the large body of special con- 
stables, which the Sheriff had deemed it imperative upon 
him to engage, was paid off and discharged. 

From that period until the 8th of June, the peace and 
order of the city appeared to be completely restored. 



12 

On the morning of that day, Mr. Olmstead, tlie city 
Solicitor, waited upon the Sheriff at his office, and offi- 
cially informed him that fresh and serious disturbance* 
were apprehended, in consequence of a murder perpe- 
trated the night previous by a colored man, on the body 
of a respectable watchman, named Batts ; that the 
population of the southern districts were highly incens- 
ed against the blacks, and had threatened to rise in 
arms, and commit violence upon them. 

The Solicitor was asked if he thought his information 
was to be relied upon. He answered, " There was no 
doubt whatever as to its trutii." " Then, sir," was the 
reply, "no time must be lost, there m.ust be no more 
boy's play. I therefore, sir, officially notify you, in 
my capacity as High Sheriff and Conservator of the 
Peace of the city and county, that I summon the Mayor 
and all his officers, as part of the posse comitatus of 
the county, in virtue of the powers vested in me by the 
law of the land, and in the name of the Commonwealth; 
that, as a matter of courtesy, I shall be happy to assist 
the Mayor so long as the tumult may be confined within 
the city bounds, with all the means in my power ; but 
•when we come to the dividing line, I shall expect him 
to stand by me to the last, with all his force." Mr. 
Olmstead replied, "that this was all perfectly proper." 

As soon as Mr. Olmstead had left the office, the She- 
riff addressed the following notes to the several distin- 
guished gentlemen whose names they bear, and before 
three o'clock of the same day, the Proclamation, a copy 



13 

of which is hereto annexed, was published and posted 
geiserally, throughout the adjoining districts. 
PROCLAMATION. 

Fellow-Citizens : 

I am informed that the peace of the City and Coun- 
ty is again threatened. I have taken the necessary 
measures to preserve it inviolate.. 

I trust there will be no occasion to put them in 
operation. 

The solitary actor in the scene of last night is in the 
custody of the law. 

He will be dealt with according to his deserts. 

He had but just escaped from the Insane Depart- 
mont of the Alms House. 

His destitute condition and mental Incapacity, forbid 
the idea of his being the agent or confederate of any 
other persons. 

As Sheriff of the city and county of Philadelphia, I 
call, therefore, upon all good citizens to abstain from 
any act likely to produce excitement in the public 
mind, or occasion in any way a breach of the public 
peace. JOHN G. WATMOUGH, 

Sheriff's Office, June 8, 1838. Sheriff. 

[COPY,] 

To General Andrew M. Prevost. 

Sheriff's Office, June 8, 1838. 
Sir — I am officially notified that fresh disturbances 
are apprehended in consequence of the death of a 



14 

watchman, which took place last night by violent 
means. You will therefore oblige me, and do your 
country good service by holding yourself and the sever- 
al corps under your command, in readiness to appear 
in full force, at a moment's warning, in the rear of my 
office, in Independence Square, as part of the posse 
comitatus of the city and county of Philadelphia, in fa- 
tigue dress, and without arms. 

1 am, sir, with great respect. 

Your obd't serv't, 
(Signed) JOHN G. WATMOUGH, 

High Sheriff City and County of Philadelphia. 
To Brigadier General Andrew M. Prevost, 

Commanding 1st Brigade, Pennsylvania volunteers. 

[COPY] 

Of J^ote to General Patterson. 

Philadelphia, June 8, 1838. 
Sir — I have the honor to enclose you a copy of an 
official communication sent by me this morning to Bri- 
gadier Gen. Prevost ; and to state to you that I shallbe 
much obliged by an extension on your part to the coun- 
ty Brigade, including particularly the county corps of 
Cavalry, of an order to the same effect. The troops 
should assemble before six o'clock this evening. 
I am, dear General, with much respect, 
Your obd't serv't. 

JOHN G. WATMOUGH, 
High Sheriff City and County of Philadelphia. 
To Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson, 
Commanding 1st Division, P. M. 



15 

These matters duly arranged, the SherifT rode through 
every part of the southern districts. 

There was much uneasiness in the public mind, and 
a manifest disposition to disorder. 

The Sheriff's presence and the proclamation, aided 
as they were by the admirable vigilance and arrange- 
ments of the magistrates and police officers of South- 
wark, appeared to quiet both. 

It was apprehended that much difficulty would take 
place at the funeral of the unfortunate Mr. Batts, and 
the more so, as the body had been exposed to pubhc 
view, and the ceremony was armounced to take place 
at an hour appointed on the following day. 

With the view to anticipate this difficulty, every effort 
was made to induce the friends of the unfortunate man 
to consent to an early and private interment of his 
body. In vain, however. They had appointed Sun- 
day evening at 6 o'clock, and shut their ears against 
any other arrangement. 

Before the evening had closed in, the Sheriff was 
officially informed that all the military arrangements 
had been consummated, and the several city and coun- 
ty corps were reported to him as under arms at their 
respective quarters. 

The evening passed off with no open demonstration 
of violence, and at twelve at night the military were 
dismissed. The Sheriff, however, himself continued 
on duty throughout the night, and did not leave the 
districts until daylight of the following day. On Satur- 
day, all the arrangements of the previous day were re- 



16 

newed, and an effective civil police organized, in ad 
dition, for the county. 

As night approached, (Saturday) the uneasiness o 
the public mind became more and more manifest. The 
streets were filled with unusual crowds, all directing 
their steps to the lower parts of the city. The ele- 
ments of the wildest disorder were at hand. The ac- 
tivity and firmness of the large body of special officers 
guided by the courage and intelligence of Deputies 
Halzel, Hedges and M'Fate, kept every thing in check, 
and the early part of the evening passed off peaceably. 
Between 9 and 10 o'clock, so. favorable were the re" 
ports from all quarters, that the Sheriff had just come 
to the determination of dismissing the force at his dis- 
posal for the night, when he was suddenly informed 
that a white man had been stabbed at the corner of 
Seventh and Shippen streets, by a black, and that the 
most alarming consequences were likely to ensue. 

He rode instantly to the spot, 

On reaching Shippen street he found himself in the 
midst of an exasperated mob. The shouts were, "death 
to the negroes," "burn down their houses," and "drive 
them into the river." He addressed himself to those 
around him, and after much difficulty gained their ear. 
He explained to them his own station and their duties; 
threatened the most violent with the instant penalties 
of the law, and called upon all present to aid him in 
the discovery of the perpetrators of the foul murder 
which had just taken place at their very doors. At 
the same time he proclaimed a reward of three hun- 



17 

ired dollars to whomsoever should succeed in arrest- 
ng the murderer. The last argument took imme- 
llate effect, and the search was instantly commenced. 
V^^ith what success, the public are well informed. 
' With the exception of a visit of about an hour, to the 
hospital, to gain from the dying man himself what in- 
formation he might be capable of giving, the Sheriff 
continued in the neighborhood, for the better security 
of the peace, until after daylight. 

During this period, his time was occupied in pushing 
on the search, and in providing for the safety of some 
harmless individuals, who, under the first impulse of 
the mob, at the perpetration of the murder, had been 
grossly assailed and beaten. The one most injured 
was removed to the hospital, where his wounds were 
properly attended to. 

The character of this impulse, and of the madness 
which possessed certain individuals of the crowd, w^ill 
I perhaps be duly appreciated from the fact, that on his 
first riding into the midst of them, the proposition w^as 
broadly and recklessly made, to mount the adjoining 
chimney tops and stone the Sheriff todeath. 

After refreshing himself and his horse, at seven in 
the morning, the Sheriff was again in the midstof the 
disturbed districts. 

Under the guidance of an active and intelli- 
gent young man, he visited in person all the quarters 
'uhabited by the colored population ; directed the cel- 
lars and foul rendezvous in those miserable receptacles 
of wretchedness and vice, Small street, Mary street, 



18 

and the courts and alleys adjacent, to be closed; caused 
the degraded inmates of the boarding houses and tip- 
pling shops to appear before him; put them on their best 
behaviour, and forbade any assemblages of persons in 
their vicinity, or in any of the streets and lanes or courts 
adjacent, under threats of the heaviest penalties of the 
law. 

Before 3 o'clock, the civil police was again organized, 
and stationed at suitable points, and at 4, P. M. the 
military was reported as ready for duty. 

At 3 o'clock, the Sheriff repaired to the Pennsylva- 
nia Hospital. The man who had been stabbed the 
night previous, Francis M'Kearney* had died of the 
wound early in the morning. So great was the excite- 
ment consequent on the promulgation of this fact, that 
it was deemed important to retain possession of the 
body of M'Kearney, and if possible have him buried 
from the hospital. 

In the interval, his friends had applied for the body, 
and a large crowd had gathered on the outside of the 
walls to back their demand. The Sheriff had station- 
ed a detachment of special officers to keep this crowd 
in check. At the same time, he employed every ar- 
gument with the relatives of the deceased, to induce 
them to enter into his views. He only, however, suc- 
ceeded in retaining possession until a late hour in the 
afternoon; when, having been satisfied that the funeral 
of Mr. Batts was proceeding quietly in Southwark, he 
finally sent the body to the residence of the father, by 
the hospital hearse. 



19 

To prevent the disorders likely to arise during the 
night, from an exposure of the body, the Sheriff sent a 
messenger, requesting the presence of one or more of 
the Reverend Pastors of the Catholic Church, to use 
their influence in regulating the wake. 

Two most pious and truly estimable gentlemen, with 
the characteristic sense of duty which distinguishes 
the ministers of that church, consented immediately 
to go ; and beyond all doubt, to their efforts may it be 
imputed, that the neighborhood of the M'Kearneys' 
remained quiet throughout the night. 

About dark of Sunday evening, the excitement had 
reached its height. A vast crowd had gathered in the 
neighborhood of Fifth and Sixth, and South and Ship- 
pen streets. At 7 o'clock the Sheriff rode down Fifth 
street. He found the street, below South, filled with a 
dense mass of angry and turbulent men, to the number 
of several thousands. In passing slowly through the 
midst of them, he was assailed on all sides, by the 
coarsest and most violently abusive language. At last, 
a rough, uncouth man laid his hands upon him and pro- 
posed to drag him from his horse. The sheriff seized 
him instantly by the throat, and riding off with him, 
handed him over into the hands of Deputy Sheriff Hal- 
zel, with orders to have him secured. On ihe instant, 
a general and universal assault was made upon the 
person of the Sheriff, with the view to a rescue. The 
assailants, however, failed in their object. 

In the midst of the confusion consequent on this at- 
tempt, the Sheriff despatched an order for the Mayor . 



20 

sent a written message directing Downing to sound the 
alarm bell, and requested a friend to notify the Generals, 
Patterson and Prevost, to be on the alert. 

He then held firm foot, and occupied himself in scan- 
ning the numbers and character of the mob. Repulsed, 
however, in their first effort, no farther attempt was 
made at that point. 

In the meanwhile, tlie Sheriff's officers were active- 
ly engaged, with their assistants, in Sixth street. Small 
street, Shippen street, and wherever there was noise 
or an attempt at tumult, and so continued throughout 
the night. They watched closely for the first outbreak, 
and instantly seized and secured the ringleaders, who 
were subsequently committed. 

Indeed too much praise cannot be bestowed upon 
^hese efficient men. The SheriflThas but one cause of 
regret that he has it not in his power to make their 
merits better known to the whole body of their fellow 
citizens. Among the most effective and courageous of 
them, it is his duty to mention Messrs. Halzell, Hedges, 
M'Fate, Murphy, Mintzer, Clark and Crist. 

As the night advanced, it became manifest that the 
arrangements to preserve the peace had taken full ef- 
fect. By 10 o'clock the crowds had gradually dispersed, 
and by 12, it was evident that order was about to be 
restored. The streets had become quiet, and the 
balance of the night passed peaceably off. 

The Sheriif, however, deemed it prudent to continue 
his arrangements and vigilance throughout Monday 
and Tuesday nights, and until late on Wednesday ; 



21 

when, finding that order had once more conipletely 
resumed her reign, he dismissed his special officers, and 
paid them for faithful services rendered, out of his own 
pocket, and hence arises the item in the public ac- 
counts, which he has felt it to be his duty to explain. 
What is stated above is to the letter true. 

In performing this duty, the Sheriff has confined 
himself as closely as possible to a simple narrative of 
facts, as connected with the line of his own official con- 
duct. It has ever been his earnest desire, by a manly 
performance of duty, to merit the esteem of his fellow 
citizens. He withdraws now into the retirement of 
private life, in the humble hope that his efforts have 
not been altogether fruitless- 

JOHN G. WATMOUGH, 
High Sheriff City and County of Philadelphia. 

Sheriff's Office, Saturday, October 20thy 1838. 



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